Course detail
Applied Thermomechanics
FSI-9ATH Acad. year: 2021/2022 Both semester
Introduction. Ideal gas. Mixtures of Gases. The First Law of Thermodynamics (general form) – heat, work, internal energy, enthalpy. The Second Law of thermodynamics, entropy. Reversible and irreversible processes. Joule Thompson effect. Heat cycles. The thermodynamics of vapour. Vapour tables and diagrams (construction). The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation. Thermodynamic processes in vapours. Moist air. Definitive quantities, tables. Mollierův diagram (construction). Isobaric arrangements of air, evaporation from a free surface. Thermodynamics of flow of gases and vapors. Adiabatic flow through nozzles (computational and real conditions). The cycles of heat gas and heat steam engines. Compressors. The cycles of cooling devices and heat pumps. Fundamentals of heat transfer. Stationary and transient heat conduction, internal sources. Heat transfer by convection, similarity theory. Overall heat transfer, heat exchangers. Heat transfer by radiation.
Language of instruction
Czech
Supervisor
Department
Learning outcomes of the course unit
Students will acquire skills to carry out technical computation in the area of thermodynamics and heat transfer : Computation of heat engines and cooling systems. Heat balance of material and machine systems, in gases, vapors, buildings and technological processes.
Prerequisites
Mathematics, Physics.
Planned learning activities and teaching methods
The course is taught through lectures explaining the basic principles and theory of the discipline.
Assesment methods and criteria linked to learning outcomes
Oral examination.
Aims
The course objective is for students to acquire competency to carry out technical computation in the area of thermodynamics and heat transfer. Students will apply theoretical knowledge to machinery and technological fields (primarily in environmental engineering).
Specification of controlled education, way of implementation and compensation for absences
The presence will not be checked.
The study programmes with the given course
Programme D-ENE-K: Power Engineering, Doctoral, recommended course
Programme D-ENE-P: Power Engineering, Doctoral, recommended course
Type of course unit
Lecture
20 hours, optionally
Syllabus
Introduction. Basic laws and equations of state for an ideal gas. Heat capacity. Mixtures of ideal gases, Dalton’s Law, equations of state for mixtures and their components.
The First Law of Thermodynamics and its mathematical forms (general form). Heat, volume and technical work, internal energy, enthalpy.
Reversible processes in ideal gases, changes of quantities of state, heat calculation, calculations of internal energy, enthalpy, of volume and technical work, p-v diagrams.
Heat cycles, thermal efficiency, work. The Carnot cycle. The Second Law of Thermodynamics, entropy and general equations for entropy changes. Reversible processes and the Carnot cycle in a T-s diagram. The reversed and irreversible Carnot cycle. Irreversible processes in technical practice. Joule Thompson effect.
Van der Waals equations of state for real gases. The thermodynamics of vapour, p-v, T-s and h-s diagrams and vapour tables. Construction of diagrams. The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation. Thermodynamic processes in vapours, changes in quantities of state, heat calculation, calculations of internal energy, enthalpy, of volume and technical work.
Thermodynamics of moist air. The definition of humidity and enthalpy of humid air, the Mollier diagram (construction). Cooling, heating, mixing and increasing the humidity of air, adiabatic evaporation from a free surface. Psychrometers.
The First Law of Thermodynamics for an open system and its equations. Continuity and Bernoulli’s equations. The Prandtl tube, the speed of sound, the Mach number. Isentropic flow of an ideal gas and steam through a narrowing opening and the Laval nozzle and their calculation. The Laval nozzle with various input conditions and the effect of back pressure.
The cycles of heat gas and heat steam engines. Combustion engines, gas turbines, reaction engines.
The Rankin-Clausius cycle. Compressors. The cycles of cooling devices and heat pumps.
Heat transfer by conduction. 3D differential equations for stationary and transient heat conduction with an internal source using Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates. Heat and temperature conductivity. Stationary heat conduction through a planar and cylindrical single- and multiple-layer wall.
Heat transfer by convection. The Navier-Stokes equation, equations for the boundary condition. The Similarity Theory in heat convection. Derivation of the criteria of similarity. Criterion equations for natural and forced convection.
Stationary overall heat transfer through a planar or cylindrical single- or multiple-layer wall. Heat exchangers, the mean temperature logarithmic gradient, algorithms for calculation.
Heat transfer by radiation. The basic laws (Kirchhoff’s First and Second Law, Planck’s Law, the Stefan-Boltzman Law, Wien’s Law). Radiation between two parallel walls and between mutually surrounding surfaces.